This article provides a short overview of the historical background, and then examines different aspects of the archaeology of these fortified sites. The intensification of settlement activity and the emergence of fortified sites indicate basic changes in the political, economic and social history of the area concerned around the beginning of the 9th century, as well as multiple transformations during the following two centuries. Although settlement remains and/or graves from the 7th and early/mid-8th centuries are present at some of these sites, settlement activity became more intensive during the 9th and 10th centuries in these places. The fortified settlements examined here have different origins some were founded in the early 9th or possibly late 8th centuries ad, with others being established in the later 9th and 10th centuries. (b) Location map of the sites and rivers mentioned in the text. For example the Ottoman Empire can be found in the Atlas of Turkey.(a) Location map of the study area (grey) in Europe.

The maps of former countries that are more or less continued by a present-day country or had a territory included in only one or two countries are included in the atlas of the present-day country.

See the content for the entities concerned.

The status of various entities is disputed.

Historical maps are included in the continent, country and dependency entries.

The same goes for the texts in the history sections. For sources of the introduction see therefore the Wikipedia entries linked to. The text of the introduction(s) is based on the content of the Wikipedia encyclopedia.

If other languages are native and/or official in an entity, introductions in other languages are added in separate sections. Every entry has an introduction section in English.That page contains links to entries by country, continent and by topic as well as general notes and references. The main page is therefore the portal to maps and cartography on Wikimedia. The WIKIMEDIA COMMONS Atlas of the World is an organized and commented collection of geographical, political and historical maps available at Wikimedia Commons.The Renaissance involves much historiography see w:Early Modern Times.Events: Quattrocento precedes High Renaissance in Art, which is Cinquecento.This deals with the idea of a 'Medieval civilization' that severed its ties with the former Roman times (refer to History of ideas ), despite a Latin Europe still remains in cultural matters

phy., this might be a golden age in Western Europe, known as Moyen Âge central.įor instance Ordre de Cluny spreads its knowledge ( Cluniac movement is portrayed as a follow-up of renaissance by Otto I). timeline is here quite reduced from the Timeline of the Migrations Period in 376, Goths move & will win a victory over roman legions ( 378 : near Hadrianopolis). Events: Last 100 years before the last Emperor in the West.Events: Maps will display basis situation for the Roman provinces.The birth of the modern European nation-state is a later phenomemon (generally evolved from the 17th century Peace of Westphalia, to the rise of modern European nationalism in the mid 1800's.)īorders for most historical maps are largely arbitrary and in many cases are merely approximate. The main purpose for this page is to give a visual geographic reference regarding the rise, evolution and fall of countries in Europe from Antiquity to the Modern era. Book of Kells, 9th century CE, written by celtic monks in the Isle of Iona.

Feudal kingdoms in europe map